Clin Psychiatry Often is forgetful in… References The Columbia World of Quotations. Overall, it is critical to notice that BPD is a serious mental illness that unfortunately is still at the beginning stage of the researching. The perception of it. There are other significant people to the plot of the movie that Susanna meets at the hospital, Georgina who is portrayed as a pathological liar,…, borderline personality disorder essay. She stopped hurting herself and has since stopped taking alcohol.
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Karen was admitted in the intensive care unit of West Raymond medical Center after she knowingly took an overdose of sedatives in addition to alcohol in a suicide attempt following a disagreement with her man. Consequently, the year old single, unemployed woman lost consciousness which meant that she had to inevitably spend three days in the hospital. While still in the hospital the doctors never wanted to discharge her until when they were convinced that she was under the care of a psychotherapist. Karen wanted to take away her life because three months her boyfriend, Gary, had damped her. Karen first met Gary, year-old construction worker in a bar where a horrendous love affair between the two blossomed to the extent that Karen started imagining spending the rest of her life with Gary.
Karen was so into Gary that she constantly wanted to hear from him. She never noticed that the frequency with which she was meeting Gary was undergoing a temporal but constant decrement, borderline personality disorder essay. Ultimately, Karen realized the evasive nature of Gary and started to suspect that Gary was gradually leaving her. One day while out with Gary an argument ensued and they ended up breaking up. Borderline Personality Disorder Case Study. Karen had been involved with other men before meeting Gary. For instance, prior to meeting Gary, borderline personality disorder essay, Karen was dating Eric.
Just like their affair with Gary, their affair with Eric was short-lived. Similar stories can be told for her alleged relationships with Ahmad, James and Stefan who came after Eric before she finally met Gary, borderline personality disorder essay. Worth noting is the fact that immediately after graduating from high school, Karen was married to George who was over protective to Karen and demanded that she only leave the house in his company. Sadly George died in a car accident leaving Karen so much devastated. These occurrences in Karen borderline personality disorder essay made her borderline personality disorder essay afraid of being abandoned to the extent that she constantly would want to kill herself whenever anyone abandons her- perhaps the reason why she constantly complained that her roommate was leaving her even after they had spent a whole day together.
The doctors at West Raymond medical Center had to discharge Karen after borderline personality disorder essay psychiatrist refused to continue working with her. She was discharged to local mentor who continued giving her mentorship for sometime before she was recommended by one of the mentors to a Dialectical Behavior Therapist called Dr. According to Dr. Banks, Karen met the requirements for DSM-IV therapy for Borderline Personality Disorder. This is because one of her greatest fears was abandonment. Again her personal interpersonal relationship was unstable together with an unstable self image. Moreover, she had attempted committing suicide more than three times together with constant infliction of pain to herself.
Just like her sense of self, her moods were tremendously unstable with constant feelings of emptiness which she displayed in undeserved anger. All this were enough reason to render Karen one of the Dialectical Behavior Therapy patients. Just like other dialectical behavior therapist, Dr. The doctor also intended to hold individual psychotherapy sessions with Karen as a way of soothing her as well as offer guidance on the application of the behavioral skills. Adolph Stern was borderline personality disorder essay first person to use the term borderline in to describe patients who with disturbed neurotics Wirth-Cauchon, borderline personality disorder essay, ; same characteristics that were being exhibited by Karen.
The therapy enjoys international accolade because of its effectiveness in helping people with suicidal instincts; people like Karen. BPD is caused by biological, psychological as well as social factors. Biologically, BPD traits can be inherited from parents and can be carried until early adulthood before it starts showing signs Paris, Psychological and social factors on the other hand do not influence this borderline personality disorder essay directly. DBT considers reality to be dynamic and holistic and is carried out in stages with the success of these stages being profoundly dependent on an individual theoretical orientation.
The theoretical orientations in this light are behavioral science, dialectical philosophy and Zen practice all balanced in balance by dialectical frameworks. Bank had to first get Karen to conform to the dictates of the treatment. The doctor urged Karen to stick to therapy and avoid terminating the therapy while still under way by quitting or trying to commit suicide again. Bank by all means tried to help Karen forget the past incidences. Karen was also equipped with the ability to soothe herself in case she remembers her past traumas. Then Karen on being able to forget her past tribulations, the doctor moved with her to the next stage that serves to deal with the long-term effects that Borderline Personality Disorder might face their lives after the therapy is done.
Linehan attests that it is imperative that the therapist addresses the needs of each step before moving to a higher stage. Further, Linehan asserts that how a session with a borderline personality disorder patient ends is extremely valuable as it determines whether the patient will move to the next stage. Linehan even goes ahead to give strategies that therapists can use in ending a session. The strategies involve issues like opening discussion with the patient at the beginning of a session, active planning before a borderline personality disorder essay, through to making referrals Linehan, This stage serves to ameliorate sense of incompleteness as well as enabling the individual find lasting happiness Miller, Rathus and Linehan, She stopped hurting herself and has since stopped taking alcohol.
There are underlying core elements that are unique to this therapeutic practice. First the therapy should start by articulating its purpose Miller, Rathus and Linehan, The entire period of the therapy is regulated by these set objectives. Secondly the therapist must decide on a biosocial theory of the disorder before considering the third element that involves the designing of a developmental framework of the treatment stages with provisions of the pretreatment. sessions Miller, Rathus and Linehan, Fourthly, the therapist should clearly highlight the behavior that he or she wants to tackle within each stage Miller, Rathus and Linehan, Elements five and six help the therapist formulate some key strategies of the therapy and deciding on a dialectical framework of the therapy respectively Miller, Rathus and Linehan, Notably, BPD has no medication that cure except for medication that can only lower some of the effects that come along with it; effects like depression.
Conversely, borderline personality disorder essay, there are some behaviors by the patients that are known to interfere with effective DBT administration. According to Linehan a describes these patterns to be falling in three dimensions borderline personality disorder essay cited in Miller, Rathus and Linehan, Linehan a identifies the four patterns as; unrelenting crisis versus inhibited grieving, emotional vulnerability versus self-invalidation and lastly active passivity versus apparent competence as cited in Miller, Rathus and Linehan, Researches indicate that victims of BPD also experience some co-morbid disorders Clarkin, Marziali and Munroe-Blum, The researches of Axis 1 Co-morbidity and diagnostic overlap with BPD carried out by various researchers by use of varied assessment tools show how BPD patients stand a risk of suffering from other ailments that are connected to BPD.
The findings depicted that BPD patient were more impulsive, self-destructive, angry and showed signs of depression most of the time Clarkin, Marziali and Munroe-Blum, borderline personality disorder essay, In addition, depression is also common with patient with Borderline personality disorder essay. Quite a sizeable number of the findings concur on the fact that a large number of BPD patients also experienced Major Affective Disorders MAD Clarkin, Marziali and Munroe-Blum, American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-IV-TR. Arlington: American Psychiatric Association.
Clarkin, J. Borderline personality disorder: clinical and empirical perspectives. New York, NY: The Guilford Press. Freeman, C, and Power, borderline personality disorder essay, M. Handbook of evidence-based psychotherapies: a guide for research and practice. West Sussex: John Wiley and sons Linehan, M. Cognitive-behavioral treatment of borderline personality disorder. Millerj A. Dialectical behavior therapy with suicidal adolescents. Paris, borderline personality disorder essay, J. Borderline borderline personality disorder essay disorder. CMA Media Inc. pdf Wirth-Cauchon, J.
Women and borderline personality disorder: symptoms and stories. Piscataway, NJ: Rutgers University press. Borderline Personality Disorder Case Study Karen had been involved with other men before meeting Gary. Borderline Personality Disorder Case Study The doctors at West Raymond medical Center had to discharge Karen after her psychiatrist refused to continue working with her. Borderline Personality Disorder Case Study DBT considers reality to be dynamic and holistic and is carried out in stages with the success of these stages being profoundly dependent on an individual theoretical orientation.
Borderline Personality Disorder Case Study Researches indicate that victims of BPD also experience some co-morbid disorders Clarkin, Marziali and Munroe-Blum, Borderline Personality Disorder Case Study References American Psychiatric Association SING UP STAY TUNED! Be the 1st to know about news and updates! Don't have an account? Click here to Sign up. Log in.
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Download Download PDF Full PDF Package Download Full PDF Package This Paper. A short summary of this paper. Borderline personality disorder , stigma , and self-stigma. Activitas Nervosa Superior Rediviva Volume 59 58 No. Borderline personality disorder, stigma, and self-stigma Marie Ociskova, Jan Prasko, Klara Latalova, Zuzana Sedlackova, Dana Kamaradova, Aneta Sandoval, Ales Grambal Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University in Olomouc, University Hospital Olomouc, Czech Republic. Correspondence to: Jan Prasko, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky Univer- sity in Olomouc, University Hospital Olomouc,Czech Republic; e-mail: praskojan seznam.
Such attitudes may manifest in negative thoughts and harmful or discriminating behavior towards people with this disorder. METHOD: Studies were identified through the Web of Science, Medline, and Scopus databases, including resources within the period — Additional references were found using reviews of relevant articles. RESULTS: The stigmatizing beliefs of the professionals and the general public are common in the case of the patients with BPD. Health care professionals tend to be more prone to stigmatize the individuals with BPD than lay population. People with BPD come across serious difficulties, such as unstable emotionality, impulsivity, low threshold of frustration, and following issues in social and occupational functioning.
Negative attitudes among psychiatrists, other physicians, nurses, psy- chotherapists, and health care administrators support the marginalization of BPD within the systems of mental health care. Continual supervision may offer a solution in the case to case scenario of the stigmatizing professionals. The fundamental questioning of the marginalized status of patients with BPD is also required. Extreme affective instability often leads to an impulsive and self-destructive behaviors Prasko et Psychiatrists, psychologists, nurses, other physicians, al a. It is true that the patients with BPD exhibit and general population often perceive borderline per- impulsive aggression, self-mutilation, self-damaging sonality disorder BPD negatively.
The stigma of those, behavior e. Aggression against al We have an adequate understanding of the themselves or others is one of the core components of stigma processes among patients with serious mental BPD. Such behavior can present a trigger of stigmatiza- disorders, such as schizophrenia, bipolar affective dis- tion in the therapy. Indeed, high level of stigmatization order, and major depression Barney et al ; Yanos et of the patients with BPD is connected to the counter- al ; Margetić et al ; Latalova et al How- transference Prasko et al b. As the un-reflected ever, the understanding of the role of the stigma in the counter-transference is one of the most frequent causes lives and treatment of the patients with other mental of the damage resulting from the psychotherapy Prasko disorders is lacking.
et al , this kind of stigma present one of the issues The stereotyped imagery of the psychiatric patients that require more theoretical and empiric attention. comes from deep-rooted prejudices and conservative interpretations of the psychiatric disorders. The label of the mental disor- Medline, and Scopus databases by including resources der may then lead to stigmatizing attitudes and behav- within the period — Additional references ior towards the labeled individuals. The stigma of those were found using reviews of the relevant papers. The search was completed ual and micro social levels, the stigma also influences by repeated use of the words in different combinations the macro social level as it affects the position of the without language and time constraints.
The articles psychiatric patients and psychiatry itself in the society were collected, organized by their importance, and key Prasko et al It is society, with its evaluation of articles itemized in reference lists were investigated. what is normality that represents a cornerstone of the Reference lists of publications recognized by these pro- stigmatization process. cedures were enriched by manually tracing the relevant The understanding of the causes of psychiatric citations. The report also includes information from disorder plays the crucial role in the labeling process books referred to by other reviews. This article is a and subsequent stigmatization. It can be divided into review. several categories: the presence of a disorder might be presumed to be due to a character flaw such as psy- Stigma and self-stigma in borderline chopathy, mental inferiority, weakness, perversion, or personality disorder amorality , organicity hereditary burden, brain dis- ease or situational influences a consequence of highly The labeling process is common in the cases of the stressful events, grief or suffering.
The patients with patients that are traditionally said to be difficult to treat. The with borderline personality disorder do not deal only general public holds certain expectations when meeting with the symptoms of their disorder but also with social a person with BPD. They may expect that the individu- stigma and self-stigma. Negative social attitudes toward als with BPD keep their distance, are rather cold and people with personality disorders might lead to missed show dysfunctional behavior. However, they usually do opportunities for education, employment, and housing.
these attitudes and beliefs vary in their influence on BPD is characterized by instabilities and dys- the individuals, current studies can only provide an functions in affective, behavioral, and interpersonal approximate guide to how stigma affects the patients Act Nerv Super Rediviva Vol. Bigger focus on personal an ability to plan solutions to stressful events, and abil- experiences of the psychiatric patients would be benefi- ity to find positive elements in them to support inner cent for better understanding what the patients struggle growth. Internalized stigma was significantly positively with, what obstacles they come across, and how stigma associated with a degree of dissociative symptoms, too affects their interpersonal relationships and self-view.
Ociskova et al Stigma is an umbrella term that consists of three Relatives of the patients with BPD also deal with main components: ignorance a problem of the absence stigma Trosbach et al Family members often of knowledge , prejudice an issue with attitude and worry about stigma and discourage patients from seek- discrimination an issue with behavior. Stigma can be ing early psychiatric intervention. Thus, when diag- divided into three subgroups — social, structural insti- nosed with a psychiatric disorder, it is not only a patient, tutional , and internalized i. Self-stigma happens when individuals her family.
It is no surprise then that close relatives tend assimilate social stereotypes about the condition they to keep the borderline diagnosis as a secret. Relatives suffer from. Personality traits, which once formed a might come across specific experiences and prefer to core of a personality, recede into the distance and traits, apply certain coping strategies in expectation that they which are stereotypically attributed to the group of stig- could avoid stigmatization and shame. They may have matized individuals, become dominant in self-concept. The psychiatric dis- types, are a part of the picture, too. order is perceived as a secret that cannot be shared.
The self-stigma develops in a three-part process. The Specific personality traits that increase the risk of process starts with an individual who notices unwel- the development of the self-stigma across the spec- coming or opposite reactions from others and becomes trum of the mental disorders are a higher level of harm aware of the stereotypes that led to the inadequate avoidance and lower level of self-directedness and per- approach. The stigma internalization continues in the sistence Margetić et al ; Ociskova et al The cognitive theory of hope that is based on an assumption internalization is completed when the person applies that hope flourishes from the ability to establish goals the stereotypes on oneself Corrigan et al The and realistic pathways to achieve them and to dispose consequences of the self-stigma manifest on various of an appropriate amount of willpower to endure possi- levels — there can be present an increase of dysphoric ble complications Snyder It has been shown that emotions, reduction of self-esteem and overall quality people with the internalized stigma, including the indi- of life, and anxious anticipation of the adverse actions viduals with BPD, have lower levels of hope compared of others.
The afflicted person might prefer to with- to the non-affected persons Snyder ; Ociskova et draw socially, develop phobias and depression, mal- al A progressive model a satisfying life Corrigan et al The patients, of self-stigma contains these four steps which lead to who develop internalized stigma, also prefer emotion- decreased self-esteem and hope: appreciation of related focused coping strategies and tend to avoid interper- stereotypes, agreement with them, applying the stereo- sonal contacts Yanos et al ; Rüsch et al Such types to oneself, and following suffering from lower attitudes may contribute to a non-adherence in treat- self-esteem Corrigan et al ment and lead to a worse overall prognosis.
Stigma forms unique barriers if stigmatized indi- viduals internalize perceived prejudices and are per- Stigmatization and therapeutic care suaded that such beliefs are entirely correct Corrigan for borderline patients et al For example, internalized stigma predicts deterioration of morale among psychiatric outpatients. Stigma may affect how physicians, psychiatrists, psy- In a research of Ritsher and Phelan , internalized chologists, nurses, and social workers perceive and tol- stigma led to increased levels of depressive symptoms erate the behavior, thoughts, and emotional reactions and reduced self-esteem at 4-month follow-up, when of the patients with BPD.
It might lead to tendencies controlling for baseline levels. A considerable with substance use and tendencies to give up when number of the individuals with borderline personality confronted with the stress. Self-stigma was also signifi- disorder prefer to adjust on their own or to rely on their cantly negatively connected to self-directedness one of families rather than seek a mental health professional. they might actively avoid seeking adequate support. The patients with BPD may be viewed as not suffer- In society, people tend to distance themselves from ing from a valid disorder, being only a minority of the stigmatized persons, and there is the evidence that medical population, and being a constant drain on care many physicians, including psychiatrists, may emotion- resources Kealy et al These beliefs may rational- ally detach themselves from the patients with BPD.
This ize the lack of proper psychiatry services. The labeling distancing may be particularly problematic in the case can also be found among general practitioners. Pejora- of the people with BPD, who are extremely sensitive to tive labels serve as a defense of a physician who explains expressions of rejection and abandonment. They may by them a failure in treatment or reluctance to treat the react negatively e. It seems that the more a psy- selves or withdrawing from treatment if they perceive chiatrist labels patients, the less is a treatment success- such behavior Aviram et al ful, and the lesser scope of patients a therapist can help We might be inclined to believe that the general pop- Prasko et al Attitudes of psychiatric nurses are ulation shows the larger amount of readiness to stigma- the most frequently studied group in this field, followed tize than the health care professionals.
Surprisingly the by samples of different mental health clinicians, and opposite is true, especially in the borderline patients. Interestingly, there is no study of psychiatrists as both regarding their symptomatology and functional the particular group. Many Ma et al It is a stereotype that stigmatizes these ity, and self-injuring behavior. The suicidal or self- patients, as it denies them a sufficient level of thera- harming reaction is one of the core diagnostic criteria peutic care. The patients with BPD typically receive in DSM for BPD, and management, and recovery from multiple medications often in high doses , although it this personality disorder can be difficult, complex, and is not indicated for this group of patients and it is not challenging.
When doing ting, stalking behavior, rage reactions, self-mutilation, research with the decision to include patients with and suicide attempts. Many professionals find these comorbid BPD, this decision can confound the results patients difficult to treat and exhibit low empathy of pharmacotherapy studies aimed at the treatment of towards them, as such behavior may adversely affect the the depressive and anxiety disorders. Also, it is reported that the patients with or they respond poorly to the treatment Turner ; BPD tend to induce high levels of aggressive feelings Persons et al Therefore, more and more designs among staff members Holmqvist In contrast, of the studies put this diagnosis in the exclusion criteria. nurses are more likely to react with sadness, guilt, and This leads to a current situation when there is still little self-critical feelings towards patients with psychoses information about a treatment that could be success- and with empathetic feelings towards patients suffer- ful when treating a borderline comorbidity.
Also, this ing from neuroses. Nurses also consider the individuals vicious circle helps to keep stickers of non-treatability with BPD to have a higher degree of control over their of the individuals with BPD. other clinicians, nurses, health care administrators, In an Australian study, Deans and Meocevic and policy-makers also maintain the marginalization found that 65 psychiatric nurses working in both inpa- Act Nerv Super Rediviva Vol. Four types of whereas nurses scored lesser than psychologists and beliefs about the patients emerged following informa- psychiatrists on empathy. half of the sample showed their inclination to avoid the patients with this disorder. Psychiatric nurses also had the lowest patients with BPD using study samples that consisted ratings of empathy toward the patients with BPD Black of several different professional disciplines.
Cleary et al et al Similarly, personality features, and schizophrenia. The psycholo- Newton-Howes et al examined the attitudes of gists reported distancing themselves from the patients a mixed group of the mental health clinicians toward with the borderline personality features. These patients the patients with personality disorders. Bourke and Grenyer sonality disorders were harder to manage than other performed a study with 80 Australian psychotherapists. groups of the patients. The authors interviewed and elicited narratives from Krawitz and Batcheler surveyed 29 mental the participants regarding their views of the patients health clinicians from inpatient, crisis, and outpatient with BPD and the patients with major depression.
The services regarding their attitudes toward the patients researchers found significantly more negative attitudes with BPD. Using a self-report survey approach, research- toward the patients with BPD. Also, the psychologists ers found that defensive approaches were common felt less satisfied in their therapeutic role with such among the applicants. ing in Munich. The participants were presented with a Commons Treloar examined a mixed sample brief case report followed by several queries. Also, the respondents acknowledged the psychopathology. However, as a consequence of specific negative emotions, including feelings of frus- this reactivity, partly deriving from stigmatizing atti- tration, failure, and feelings of being challenged.
The tudes, it is harder to work with the patients with BPD respondents also perceived the patients with BPD as Aviram et al The results are a self-fulfilling prophecy and a vicious cycle of stigmatization to which both the Borderline personality disorder is characterized by patient and the therapist contribute. There is a possibil- significant negative emotional, interpersonal, and ity that the stigma associated with BPD can have an behavioral symptoms. The patients with BPD tend to independent impact on poor treatment outcome with experience difficulties in their relationships with others, these patients.
in the family, at work or school, and mental health pro- fessionals. Comparing the various groups of the mental Lived experiences of the patients diagnosed with BPD health professionals, the nurses tend to perceive the Over last 20 years have the lived experience of BPD individuals in the most negative and judgmental way. The patients with mental health workers. According to 1 Aviram RB, Brodsky BS, Stanley B Borderline personality the patients, health care providers held predetermined disorder, stigma, and treatment implications. Harv Rev Psychia- and unfavorable opinions of the patients with BPD, try. and they spoke about the experience as if being labeled 2 Barney LJ, Griffiths KM, Jorm AF, Christensen H Stigma about depression and its impact on help-seeking behavior.
Aust and not diagnosed Byrne Some patients talked N Z J Psychiatry. about being frightened of disapproval or rejection, 3 Black DW, Pfohl B, Blum N, McCormick B, Allen J, North CS, et particularly from their therapists Miller et al al Which is why she had lost complete hope and began to separate herself from who she was and did not believe in getting better. Susanna had been placed by immense pressure from her family in order to fit in and be normal. This could have led her to form a separation from herself and lose confidence. Susanna was neglected as a child or forced to deal with emotional abuse that it led to when she was sexually abused by her babysitter neighbor.
Which affected her childhood and caused her to endure developmental issues leading to BPD. Which fits her in another criteria of the desire to be in a relationship as she gets in one with her teacher although she knew she should have not gotten involved with him. Her mom is later confronted with his wife who discovers they had an affair. In conclusion, Susanna can be diagnosed with borderline personality disorder due to the criteria she fits into the DSM-5 and her childhood which most likely leads her to form this illness. Starting from 3 hours delivery. Sorry, copying is not allowed on our website. We will occasionally send you account related emails. This essay is not unique. Sorry, we could not paraphrase this essay. Our professional writers can rewrite it and get you a unique paper.
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